Mega Urban Regions of Southeast AsiaA distinguishing feature of recent urbanization in the ASEANcountries of Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, andIndonesia is the outward extension of their mega cities (Bangkok,Jakarta, Manila, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur) beyond the metropolitanborders, resulting in the establishment of new towns, industrialestates, and housing projects in previously rural areas. This processhas both positive and negative effects. On one side, household