Begging Pardon and FavorIn reconstructing and interpreting rituals of supplication, Geoffrey Koziol here uncovers the dense meanings of these most common place of all early medieval rituals. The author casts a wide net, comparing these rituals in several regions of northern and western France to illuminate the complex changes in social relations and political power in the tenth and eleventh centuries. In medieval cultures, "supplication" was simply the act of prayer, an act